Cell – Structure And Function
NIOS · Class 12 · Biology
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See them allWhat is cell theory, and who proposed it?
Answer
Cell theory was proposed by M.J. Schleiden and Theodore Schwann in 1838. It states three fundamental principles: (1) All organisms are composed of cells, (2) The cell is the structural and functional …
Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells with at least three key differences.
Answer
Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, fungi) differ in: (1) Nucleus: Prokaryotes lack a defined nucleus; DNA is in a nucleoid region. Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nuc…
What is the plasma membrane, and what model best explains its structure?
Answer
The plasma membrane (also called cell membrane) is a living, selective boundary that encloses the cell. The Fluid Mosaic Model, proposed by Singer and Nicholson (1972), best explains its structure. Ac…
Compare diffusion, osmosis, and active transport in terms of energy requirement and direction of movement.
Answer
These three transport mechanisms differ significantly: (1) Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration. No energy (ATP) required. Passive process. Example: Gas exchange in lungs. (…
What is bulk transport, and how do phagocytosis and pinocytosis differ?
Answer
Bulk transport is the movement of large molecules or substances across the cell membrane through changes in membrane shape. There are two types of endocytosis: (1) Phagocytosis ('cell eating'): The ce…
Describe the structure and functions of the plant cell wall.
Answer
The plant cell wall is the rigid, non-living outermost layer secreted by the cell itself. Structure: (1) Composed mainly of cellulose fibers called microfibrils, which may be thin (1 micron) or very t…
Why is the mitochondrion called the 'powerhouse of the cell'?
Answer
The mitochondrion is called the 'powerhouse of the cell' because it is the primary site of cellular respiration, where energy from food molecules is released and captured in ATP (adenosine triphosphat…
What is the structure of a chloroplast, and where does photosynthesis occur?
Answer
The chloroplast is a double-membraned organelle found in green plant cells. Structure: (1) Outer and inner membranes. (2) Interior contains stacked disc-like structures called thylakoids arranged in s…
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