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Biomolecules

Tamil Nadu Board · Class 12 · Chemistry

Quick revision notes for Biomolecules — Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 Chemistry. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

45 questions30 flashcards5 concepts

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A detailed diagram of the DNA double helix, showing the two polynucleotide strands wound around each other, and highlighting the specific hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (A-T and G-C
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Key Topics to Revise

1

14.1 Carbohydrates: Structure, Classification, and Functions

  • Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones with general formula Cn(H2O)n
  • Most abundant organic compounds in living organisms, serving as primary energy sources
  • Synthesized through photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (sunlight required)
2

14.2 Proteins: Structure, Amino Acids, and Functions

  • Proteins are polymers of α-amino acids with general structure: R-CH(NH2)-COOH where R is side chain
  • 20 common α-amino acids found in proteins, each with unique three-letter and one-letter code
  • Essential amino acids (10): Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys - cannot be synthesized, must obtain from diet (mnemonic: PVT TIM HALL)
3

14.3 & 14.4 Lipids and Vitamins

  • Lipids: organic molecules soluble in nonpolar solvents (chloroform, methanol) but insoluble in water; derived from Greek 'lipos' meaning fat
  • Lipids provide 2-3 times more energy than carbohydrates/proteins; major component of cell membranes
  • Simple lipids: fats (triglycerides - esters of glycerol with three long-chain fatty acids) and waxes (esters of fatty acids with long-chain monohydric alcohols)
4

14.5 Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA, and Structure

  • Nucleic acids: biopolymers of nucleotides, primary genetic material of all organisms, located in nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
  • Two main types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) - both carry genetic information
  • Nucleotides: building blocks consisting of nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group

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Full Notes

Key Concepts

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketonesGlucose (C6H12O6) is an aldohexoseFructose (C6H12O6) is a ketohexoseDisaccharides are formed when two monosaccharidesPolysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides linked

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Biomolecules for Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 Chemistry?
Key topics in Biomolecules include Classification of Biomolecules, Carbohydrates Classification and Structure, Mind map showing the classification of biomolecules into four major categories with their subcategories. These are the concepts Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 examiners draw on most — study them first, then practise related questions.
How to score full marks in Biomolecules — Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 Chemistry?
Understand the core concepts first, then work through the 45 practice questions available for this chapter. Revise formulas and definitions regularly, and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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