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Transition and Inner Transition Elements

Tamil Nadu Board · Class 12 · Chemistry

Quick revision notes for Transition and Inner Transition Elements — Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 Chemistry. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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A flowchart detailing the industrial preparation of potassium permanganate, starting from pyrolusite ore (MnO₂) and involving fusion, oxidation, and disproportionation steps.
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Key Topics to Revise

1

Position and Electronic Configuration of d-Block Elements

  • d-Block elements occupy groups 3 to 12 in the modern periodic table.
  • IUPAC definition: A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell OR which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell.
  • 3d series: Sc (Z=21) to Zn (Z=30) — 4th period, 10 elements.
2

General Trends in Properties of 3d Series Elements

  • METALLIC BEHAVIOUR: All transition elements are metals, good conductors of heat and electricity. Except Group 11 (Cu, Ag, Au), all are hard.
  • Silver has the highest electrical conductivity at room temperature among all known elements.
  • Crystal structures: HCP (hexagonal close packed), FCC (face centred cubic), BCC (body centred cubic) — true metallic characteristics.
3

Standard Electrode Potentials and Magnetic Properties

  • STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIAL (E°): Measures oxidizing/reducing power. Large negative E° = powerful reducing agent (loses electrons easily).
  • In 3d series, E°(M²⁺/M) becomes less negative from Ti to Cu. Cu has positive E° (+0.34V) — Cu is more stable than Cu²⁺ — meaning Cu is noble.
  • Exceptions in E°(M²⁺/M) trend: Mn (−1.18V) and Zn (−0.76V) are more negative than expected — due to extra stability of Mn²⁺ (3d⁵, half-filled) and Zn²⁺ (3d¹⁰, fully-filled).
4

Catalytic Properties, Alloy Formation, Interstitial Compounds and Complex Formation

  • CATALYTIC PROPERTIES: Transition metals act as catalysts due to: (1) Available d orbitals to accept electrons from reactant molecules; (2) Ability to form bonds with reactants using d electrons; (3) V
  • Hydrogenation example: Alkene π electrons donate to empty d orbital of catalyst → H₂ σ bond breaks → each H bonds to d electron on catalyst → H atoms bond to alkene → alkane formed.
  • V₂O₅ catalyst in Contact Process (manufacture of H₂SO₄): V⁵⁺ in V₂O₅ is reduced to V⁴⁺ in VO₂ during SO₂ oxidation.

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Full Notes

Key Concepts

Transition metals are generally defined asThe general electronic configuration of dAll transition elements are metalsIn the 3d series (ScIonization energy of transition elements

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Transition and Inner Transition Elements for Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 Chemistry?
Key topics in Transition and Inner Transition Elements include Overview Mind Map: Transition and Inner Transition Elements, Overview of Transition and Inner Transition Elements, Transition and Inner Transition Elements: Comprehensive Overview. These are the concepts Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 examiners draw on most — study them first, then practise related questions.
How to score full marks in Transition and Inner Transition Elements — Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 Chemistry?
Understand the core concepts first, then work through the 45 practice questions available for this chapter. Revise formulas and definitions regularly, and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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