Biomolecules — Flashcards
Tamil Nadu Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
30 flashcards for Biomolecules (Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 Chemistry) to test yourself on key terms and facts. Sample: "What is the general formula.
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates and why are they called 'hydrates of carbon'?
Answer
General formula: Cₙ(H₂O)ₙ. Carbohydrates are called hydrates of carbon because they contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (H:O = 2:1). Despite the name, they are actually polyhydroxy …
Write the balanced equation for the photosynthesis reaction that produces glucose.
Answer
6CO₂(g) + 6H₂O(l) ⇌[sunlight] C₆H₁₂O₆(aq) + 6O₂(g) This reaction occurs in green leaves and converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose using light energy from the sun. Glucose is then either used…
Differentiate between aldoses and ketoses with examples.
Answer
ALDOSES: Have an aldehyde group (-CHO) at one end of the carbon chain. Examples: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), Ribose (C₅H₁₀O₅), Glyceraldehyde (C₃H₆O₃) KETOSES: Have a ketone group (C=O) at carbon-2 in the mid…
Write the balanced equation for the hydrolysis of sucrose and identify the products.
Answer
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁(s) + H₂O(l) ⇌[H⁺ or invertase] C₆H₁₂O₆(glucose) + C₆H₁₂O₆(fructose) Products: One molecule of D-glucose + one molecule of D-fructose. This reaction can be catalyzed by dilute H₂SO₄ or the e…
What is mutarotation in glucose? Explain with specific rotation values.
Answer
Mutarotation is the slow interconversion of α and β anomers of glucose through the open-chain aldehyde form when dissolved in water. Observation: Pure α-D-glucose has specific rotation +112°, pure β-…
Write the balanced equation for the reduction of glucose with HI and red phosphorus at 373 K. What does this reveal about glucose structure?
Answer
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 2HI/P at 373K → CH₃(CH₂)₄CH₃ (n-hexane) + CH₃(CH₂)₃CH-CH₃ (2-iodohexane) Products: n-hexane (major) + 2-iodohexane (minor) Structural Significance: This proves that all six carbon atoms of…
What are epimers? Give examples and explain the process of epimerisation.
Answer
DEFINITION: Epimers are sugars that differ in configuration at only ONE asymmetric carbon atom (differ at only one stereogenic center). EXAMPLES: - Glucose and Mannose: Epimers at C2 (differ in -OH g…
Write the balanced equation for the hydrolysis of starch by dilute HCl at high temperature and pressure.
Answer
(C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙ(s) + nH₂O(l) ⇌[H⁺, 393K, high pressure] nC₆H₁₂O₆(aq) Conditions: Dilute hydrochloric acid (H⁺ catalyst), temperature 393 K (120°C), high pressure Product: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) Commercial Pr…
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