Ray Optics

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Law of Reflection: The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection (i = r). Meaning: When light hits a reflecting surface, the angle at which it strikes (measured from the normal) equals the an…

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Step 1: Apply Law of Reflection Angle of reflection = Angle of incidence = 35° Step 2: Calculate angle of deviation Formula: d = 180° - (i + r) where i = angle of incidence, r = angle of reflection …

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Reason: When light from an object reflects off a plane mirror, the reflected rays appear to come from behind the mirror. Geometric explanation: 1. Two rays from object point A are drawn to mirror at …

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Step 1: Understand the geometry Let eye position be E, head position be H, feet position be F Distance from eye to head = h₁ Distance from eye to feet = h₂ Total height h = h₁ + h₂ = 180 cm Step 2: A…

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Relationship: f = R/2 (or 2f = R) Derivation: Consider a spherical mirror with center of curvature C and radius R. A ray parallel to principal axis hits mirror at point M. This ray reflects through f…

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Given: u = -20 cm (object distance, negative as per sign convention) f = -15 cm (focal length, negative for concave mirror) Part (a): Image distance using Mirror Equation Formula: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f 1/v…

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Paraxial Rays: - Rays that travel very close to the principal axis - Make small angles with the principal axis - Fall on mirror very close to the pole - All paraxial rays from an object point converge…

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Definition of Refractive Index: Refractive index (n) of a medium = c/v where c = speed of light in vacuum (3 × 10⁸ m/s) v = speed of light in the medium Physical meaning: It tells how much the light …