Immunology
Tamil Nadu Board · Class 12 · Zoology
Flashcards for Immunology — Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 Zoology. Quick Q&A cards covering key concepts, definitions, and formulas.
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Explore the full setWhat is immunology and what does it study?
Answer
Immunology is the scientific study of the immune system. It studies all the mechanisms that the body uses to protect itself from environmental agents that are foreign to the body, such as pathogens (b…
Define immunity and explain what susceptibility means.
Answer
Immunity is the overall ability of the body to fight against disease-causing pathogens. It is also called disease resistance. The overall strength of the immune response depends on the effectiveness o…
What is an antigen? Provide examples.
Answer
An antigen (Ag) is any substance that is foreign to the body and can trigger an immune response. The term comes from 'ANTIbody GENerator.' Antigens are typically large, complex molecules such as prote…
Differentiate between innate immunity and acquired immunity.
Answer
Innate immunity is the natural, non-specific resistance to infection that an individual possesses from birth. It provides immediate, general protection against a wide range of pathogens and includes b…
Name four anatomical barriers of innate immunity and explain how each works.
Answer
Four anatomical barriers are: (1) Skin—acts as a physical barrier with acidic pH (3-5) that kills microbes; (2) Mucus membrane—produces sticky mucus that traps foreign microorganisms and competes with…
What is the role of lysozyme and interferons in innate immunity?
Answer
Lysozyme is an enzyme secreted in tears, saliva, and other body fluids that acts as a chemical barrier. It kills bacteria by breaking down their cell wall structure, particularly targeting peptidoglyc…
Explain the inflammatory response and the role of chemotactic signals like histamine and serotonin.
Answer
The inflammatory response is triggered by tissue damage or infection. Damaged cells and mast cells release chemical mediators like histamine and serotonin. These chemotactic signals increase vascular …
Distinguish between active immunity and passive immunity with examples.
Answer
Active immunity is immunological resistance developed when the body actively produces its own antibodies in response to an antigen. It is acquired through infection or vaccination and involves creatio…
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