Applications of Biotechnology — Flashcards
Tamil Nadu Board · Class 12 · Zoology
25 flashcards for Applications of Biotechnology (Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 Zoology) to test yourself on key terms and facts.
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What is biotechnology and how is it defined in modern scientific terms?
Answer
Biotechnology is defined as 'any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.' The term w…
What is recombinant DNA (rDNA) and recombinant DNA technology?
Answer
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is DNA produced by combining DNA from two or more different sources - typically extracting a gene from one organism and transferring it into the DNA of another organism (same or…
Describe the structure and function of human insulin. Why was recombinant insulin development important?
Answer
Human insulin is a hormone composed of 51 amino acids arranged in two polypeptide chains: Chain A (21 amino acids) and Chain B (30 amino acids), connected by disulphide bonds. It is produced by β cell…
What is human alpha lactalbumin and why is it important in transgenic animal production?
Answer
Human alpha lactalbumin is a protein composed of 123 amino acids and 4 disulphide bridges (molecular weight: 14,178 Da). In human breast milk, it comprises 25% of total protein and is synthesized by m…
What are interferons and how have they been produced using biotechnology?
Answer
Interferons are proteinaceous, antiviral, and species-specific substances produced by mammalian cells when infected with viruses. They were discovered by Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindemann in 1957. Based…
What are the three main types of recombinant vaccines and how do they differ?
Answer
Recombinant vaccines overcome limitations of traditional vaccine production. The three main types are: (1) SUBUNIT RECOMBINANT VACCINES - Use components (proteins, peptides, DNAs) of pathogenic organi…
What are edible vaccines and what is their significance in biotechnology?
Answer
Edible vaccines are vaccines produced through molecular pharming using genetic engineering. Selected genes are introduced into plants, and transgenic plants are induced to manufacture the encoded prot…
What is gene therapy and what are the two main types of gene therapy approaches?
Answer
Gene therapy is a process that involves transferring a normal (healthy) gene into a person's cells that carry one or more mutant alleles (defective genes). The normal gene is expressed, producing func…
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