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Genome Technology and Engineering

CBSE · Class 12 · Biotechnology

Quick revision notes for Genome Technology and Engineering — CBSE Class 12 Biotechnology. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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A comparative diagram showing the complete genetic information (genome) in a prokaryotic cell (nucleoid and plasmid DNA) and a eukaryotic cell (nuclear chromosomes, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast
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Key Topics to Revise

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5.1 Genome and Genome Mapping

  • Genome is the complete genetic information present in the cell of an organism.
  • In prokaryotes: genome includes DNA in the nucleoid region AND plasmid.
  • In eukaryotes: genome includes DNA in nuclear chromosomes AND organelles (mitochondria and plastids/chloroplasts).
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5.2 High-Throughput DNA Sequencing

  • Complete DNA sequencing is the most comprehensive way to compare genomes.
  • First Generation Sequencing: Sanger's chain termination method — multistep, time-consuming, expensive.
  • Steps in first generation: chromosome separation (PFGE) → restriction digestion → ligation to BAC/YAC/PAC vectors → subcloning → sequencing.
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5.3 Other Genome-Related Technologies

  • Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): determines DNA sequence of the entire genome of an organism.
  • First WGS: Haemophilus influenzae (bacterium).
  • Human Genome Project: started 1990, completed 2003.
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5.4 Genome Engineering

  • Genome engineering modifies the genome by adding, removing, or altering specific DNA sequences.
  • Goals: introduce new functionality, modify or remove existing functionality.
  • Transposons (jumping genes): DNA elements that move from one position to another in the genome.

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Key Concepts

The genome of an organism refersGenetic mapping estimates the relative distancesPhysical mapping identifies specific locations onThe first generation sequencing techniqueNGS uses massively parallel sequencing

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Genome Technology and Engineering for CBSE Class 12 Biotechnology?
Key topics in Genome Technology and Engineering include Genome Technology and Engineering — Chapter Overview, Complete Chapter Concept Map: Genome Technology and Engineering, Chapter Overview: Genome Technology and Engineering. These are the concepts CBSE Class 12 examiners draw on most — study them first, then practise related questions.
How to score full marks in Genome Technology and Engineering — CBSE Class 12 Biotechnology?
Start by understanding all key concepts. Practise previous year questions from this chapter. Revise formulas and definitions regularly. Use flashcards for quick revision before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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