Metallurgy

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Metallurgy is the process used for the extraction of metals in pure form from their ores.

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Minerals are compounds of metals found in the earth crust. Ores are those minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably. All ores are minerals, but all minerals are not ores.

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Major ore types are: native ores, sulphide ores, oxidised ores, and halide ores.

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Gangue or matrix is the impurity present in ores, such as earth matter, rock matter, sand, limestone, and mica. Silica is the most common component.

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Flux is a substance added to ore to combine with gangue and form a fusible slag. This helps remove impurities during extraction.

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Calcination involves heating ore below its melting point, usually in absence of air, to remove moisture and volatile impurities and convert it into a new compound with higher metal content. It is gene…

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Roasting involves heating ore below its melting point in a limited supply of air to cause chemical changes and decomposition. It is generally used for sulphide ores. Example: 2CuFeS2 + O2 → Cu2S + 2F…

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Carbonate ores are usually calcined because heating below the melting point in absence of air decomposes them and removes carbon dioxide, leaving a metal-rich oxide.