Programme and Achievements of the Early Nationalists (Moderates) — Important Questions

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Gopal Krishna Gokhale is called the 'Political Guru of Gandhi' because he mentored and deeply influenced Gandhi's political outlook and methods of constitutional struggle. Naoroji, Banerjea and Ranade were respected leaders but did not hold this specific title in relation to Gandhi.

Constitutional and peaceful methods

Early Nationalists believed in constitutional and peaceful methods to achieve their objectives. They drafted petitions, held meetings, sent deputations to England, and used press to create public opinion. They were opposed to violence and believed in patience and gradual reform. Armed rebellion and terrorist activities were methods of extremists, not moderates. Mass civil disobedience was Gandhi's method during the later phase of the freedom struggle.

1906

Dadabhai Naoroji demanded Swaraj from the Congress platform in his presidential address at the Calcutta session in 1906, making it a landmark moment in the nationalist demand for self-government. While Gokhale had spoken of self-government in 1905, the explicit demand from the Congress platform by Naoroji is dated to 1906.

Vernacular Press Act

The Early Nationalists particularly opposed the Vernacular Press Act as it restricted freedom of press and speech. This act was specifically targeted at Indian language newspapers and was seen as an attack on civil liberties. While they also opposed the Arms Act (which prohibited Indians from carrying arms), Licence Act, and Salt Tax, the Vernacular Press Act was specifically related to press freedom which was crucial for their political work and public opinion building.