Inheritance and Variation — Flashcards
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Biology
25 flashcards for Inheritance and Variation (Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology) to test yourself on key terms and facts.
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Define heredity and explain who first accurately explained the mechanism of inheritance.
Answer
Heredity is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian monk born in 1822, first gave the accurate explanation for the mechanism of inheritance usi…
What are the seven pairs of contrasting traits that Mendel studied in pea plants?
Answer
The seven traits are: 1) Seed shape (Round/Wrinkled), 2) Seed color (Yellow/Green), 3) Pod shape (Inflated/Constricted), 4) Pod color (Green/Yellow), 5) Flower color (Purple/White), 6) Flower location…
Distinguish between genotype and phenotype with examples.
Answer
Genotype is the genetic constitution or makeup of an organism (e.g., TT, Tt, or tt for height). Phenotype is the external appearance or observable trait (e.g., tall or dwarf plants). For example, both…
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous individuals?
Answer
Homozygous individuals possess identical alleles for a trait (e.g., TT or tt) and breed true, producing only one type of gamete. Heterozygous individuals possess contrasting alleles for a trait (e.g.,…
State Mendel's Law of Dominance with its significance.
Answer
Law of Dominance states: 'When two homozygous individuals with contrasting characters are crossed, the alleles that appear in F₁ are dominant and those that don't appear are recessive.' This law expla…
Explain the Law of Segregation and why it's called 'Law of Purity of Gametes'.
Answer
Law of Segregation states: 'When hybrids form gametes, the alleles segregate and enter different gametes.' It's called Law of Purity of Gametes because each gamete carries only one allele (either domi…
What does the Law of Independent Assortment state and what ratio does it produce in F₂?
Answer
Law of Independent Assortment states: 'When hybrids possess two or more pairs of contrasting factors, the factors in each pair segregate independently of other pairs.' In dihybrid crosses, this produc…
Differentiate between back cross and test cross with their purposes.
Answer
Back cross: F₁ individual crossed with any parent (dominant or recessive). Test cross: F₁ individual crossed specifically with homozygous recessive parent. Test cross is used to determine if an indivi…
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