Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Biology
Flashcards for Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants — Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology. Quick Q&A cards covering key concepts, definitions, and formulas.
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What is asexual reproduction and what are its key characteristics?
Answer
Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring without the fusion of gametes. Key characteristics: 1) Involves only one parent, 2) Produces genetically identical offspring called clones, 3) No me…
Compare and contrast the three methods of vegetative propagation: cutting, grafting, and tissue culture.
Answer
CUTTING: Small piece of plant part with buds used for propagation (Rose, Bougainvillea). GRAFTING: Two plants joined to grow as one - scion (bud-containing stem) joined to stock (rooted plant). TISSUE…
What is the structure of a mature anther and why is it called tetrasporangiate?
Answer
A mature anther is dithecous (two-lobed) and tetrasporangiate (four pollen sacs). Each lobe contains two pollen sacs. Wall layers from outside to inside: 1) Epidermis (protective), 2) Endothecium (wit…
Describe microsporogenesis and the development of male gametophyte.
Answer
MICROSPOROGENESIS: Each microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form a tetrad of haploid microspores (pollen grains). MALE GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT: 1) Pollen grain undergoes first mitotic division…
What is the structure of pollen grain and why can pollen grains be preserved as fossils?
Answer
STRUCTURE: Pollen grain has two-layered wall (sporoderm): 1) EXINE - outer thick layer made of sporopollenin (non-biodegradable), may be smooth or sculptured with germ pores, 2) INTINE - inner layer o…
Describe the structure of an anatropous ovule with all its parts.
Answer
ANATROPOUS OVULE structure (micropyle directed downwards): 1) FUNICULUS - stalk attaching ovule to placenta, 2) HILUM - attachment point, 3) INTEGUMENTS - two protective coverings (outer and inner), 4…
Explain megasporogenesis and the development of female gametophyte (embryo sac).
Answer
MEGASPOROGENESIS: Megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis → linear tetrad of megaspores → upper 3 abort, lowest functional megaspore remains. FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE: Functional megaspore undergoes 3 succe…
What are the three types of pollination based on the source of pollen? Compare their genetic significance.
Answer
1) AUTOGAMY (self-pollination): Pollen from same flower → no genetic variation, produces identical offspring (e.g., Pea). 2) GEITONOGAMY: Pollen from different flower of same plant → functionally like…
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