Human Health and Diseases
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Biology
Flashcards for Human Health and Diseases — Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology. Quick Q&A cards covering key concepts, definitions, and formulas.
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Define health according to WHO and explain why it's more than just absence of disease.
Answer
According to WHO, health is defined as 'the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.' This definition emphasizes that true health en…
What is immunity? Differentiate between innate and acquired immunity with key characteristics.
Answer
Immunity is the body's ability to resist damage or disease through defense mechanisms against foreign antigens (pathogens). Innate Immunity: Natural, inherited resistance present from birth. Non-spe…
Explain the role of lysozyme in innate immunity and where it is found.
Answer
Lysozyme is a thermolabile, low molecular weight, basic protein that acts as a muramidase (enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls). First described by Alexander Fleming, it is found in tears, sa…
Describe the mechanism of B-lymphocyte response to antigens and the functions of antibodies.
Answer
B-lymphocytes are sensitized directly by antigens and helper T-cells. Upon activation, they multiply rapidly to produce clones of plasma cells and memory B-cells. Plasma cells produce specialized glyc…
What are the four types of T-lymphocytes produced when T-cells encounter antigens?
Answer
When T-lymphocytes encounter antigens, they form clones with four types of T-cells: 1. Helper T-cells: Produce lymphokines for various functions like proliferation of other T-cells and stimulation of…
How does vaccination work and what are the different forms of vaccines?
Answer
Vaccination teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens by exposing it to safe versions of the pathogen. This stimulates antibody production and primes immune cells to remember the antigens, allo…
Describe the Y-shaped structure of an antibody molecule and its functional regions.
Answer
Antibody is a Y-shaped glycoprotein (immunoglobulin) with: Structure: • Four polypeptide chains: 2 heavy (H) chains + 2 light (L) chains • Held together by disulfide bonds (-S-S-) • Hinge region conn…
Explain the ABO blood group system with antigens, antibodies, and compatibility.
Answer
ABO blood groups discovered by Karl Landsteiner (1900) based on antigens A and B on RBC surface: Blood Group A: Antigen A on RBCs, antibody 'b' in plasma (genotype I^A I^A or I^A I^O) Blood Group B: …
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