Origin and Evolution of Life
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Biology
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What is the Theory of Special Creation and why is it not scientifically accepted?
Answer
The Theory of Special Creation is the oldest theory stating that all living organisms are created by a supernatural power. It is not scientifically accepted because it is based on religious belief wit…
Explain the Cosmozoic Theory (Panspermia Theory) and its limitation.
Answer
The Cosmozoic Theory states that life did not originate on Earth but came from other planets in the form of spores or microorganisms called cosmozoa/panspermia. Its limitation is that it cannot explai…
Who disproved the Theory of Spontaneous Generation and what does the Theory of Biogenesis state?
Answer
Louis Pasteur disproved the Theory of Spontaneous Generation. The Theory of Biogenesis states that living organisms are always produced from pre-existing living forms through reproduction. However, it…
What is Chemical Evolution theory and who proposed it?
Answer
Chemical Evolution theory states that life originated on Earth by combinations of several chemicals through constant chemical reactions over a long period. It was first formulated by Haeckel but later…
Describe the primitive atmosphere of Earth according to chemical evolution theory.
Answer
The primitive atmosphere was very hot and of a reducing type, devoid of free oxygen. It was rich in hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. As it cooled, hydrogen reacted with other elements to form c…
What is 'hot dilute soup' or 'primitive broth' as described by Haldane?
Answer
The 'hot dilute soup' or 'primitive broth' refers to the accumulation of simple organic molecules (monosaccharides, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, fatty acids, glycerol) at the bottom of water bod…
Explain the Miller-Urey experiment and its significance.
Answer
Miller-Urey used a spark-discharge apparatus with methane, ammonia, and hydrogen gases (1:2:2 ratio) plus water vapor. Electric discharge simulated lightning for several days. The liquid turned brown …
What are Coacervates and Microspheres in the context of protobiont formation?
Answer
Coacervates (Oparin): Colloidal aggregations of hydrophobic proteins and lipids that grew by taking material from surroundings and split when unstable. Microspheres (Sidney Fox): Protenoids formed fro…
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