Earth Movements-endogenic Forces Earthquakes & Volcanoes, Exogenic forces :weathering and erosion. Theories Isostasy, Continental drift & Plate

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Endogenic forces are those that originate from within the Earth and cause movements in the crust. These forces lead to the formation of mountains, valleys, and other landforms through processes like f…

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Exogenic forces are external processes that act on the Earth's surface, such as weathering, erosion, and deposition. These forces gradually wear down and reshape the land. Example: The formation of ri…

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Diastrophic movements are slow, large-scale processes like folding and faulting that occur over millions of years. Sudden movements are rapid events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that cause …

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Epeirogenic movement refers to slow vertical movements of the Earth's crust, either upward (uplift) or downward (subsidence), without significant folding. These movements affect large areas and form f…

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Orogenic movement involves horizontal compression that leads to folding and faulting of rock layers, resulting in mountain building. These movements are caused by tectonic plate collisions. Example: T…

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Folding occurs when rock layers bend due to compressional forces. Types include: (1) Symmetrical fold – both limbs equally inclined; (2) Asymmetrical fold – limbs have different inclinations; (3) Over…

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A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust along which rocks on either side have moved. It results from tensional or compressional forces. Types include normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults. Exampl…

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A horst is an uplifted block of land between two normal faults, forming a block mountain. A graben is a depressed block between two normal faults, forming a rift valley. Example: The Rhine Valley is a…