The Vijayanagara Empire— The Bahmani Kingdom - Rise Of Sikh Power And Marathas

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The Vijayanagara Empire was founded by brothers Harihara and Bukka in 1336 CE. They belonged to a family of five brothers and established the kingdom in response to invasions from the north.

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Deva Raya II (1425–1446) was the greatest ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire. He strengthened the army by adopting features from the Delhi Sultanate, expanded control over South India, and promoted lite…

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Conflicts arose due to clashes over three key regions: the Tungabhadra Doab, the Krishna-Godavari delta, and Marathwada. Both kingdoms sought control over these fertile and strategic areas, leading to…

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Krishna Deva Raya ruled from 1509 to 1530 and is considered the greatest Vijayanagara king. He restored internal order, defeated rivals like Orissa and the Deccan sultanates, expanded the empire, refo…

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After Krishna Deva Raya’s death, a succession struggle weakened the empire. Real power fell to Rama Raja, who provoked the Deccan sultanates. In 1565, they united and defeated Vijayanagara at the Batt…

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The king ruled with a council of ministers. The empire was divided into mandalams (provinces), nadus (districts), sthalas (sub-districts), and gramas (villages). Military chiefs called nayaks or paleg…

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The main source was land tax: one-third of wet crops like rice, one-fourth of sesame and ragi, and one-sixth of dry crops. Other taxes included property tax, profession tax, trade tax, marriage tax, a…

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Italian traveler Nicolo Conti (1420) described the city as massive, with walls stretching 60 miles. Persian traveler Abdur Razzaq praised its wealth, size, and seven-layered fortifications. He said th…