Political Ideologies

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The main aim of Utilitarianism is 'the greatest happiness to the greatest number'. It judges actions based on how much pleasure or happiness they produce for the largest number of people.

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The key thinkers of Utilitarianism were Jeremy Bentham, James Mill, and John Stuart Mill. Bentham developed the idea, while Mill refined it by considering the quality of pleasures, not just quantity.

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The Felicific Calculus is a method developed by Jeremy Bentham to measure the amount of pleasure or pain an action produces. It considers seven factors: intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fe…

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Bentham’s theory is criticized because it focuses only on material pleasure and ignores emotions and reason. Also, measuring pleasure mathematically is seen as impractical. Critics say it reduces mora…

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John Stuart Mill believed that not all pleasures are the same. He distinguished between higher (intellectual, moral) and lower (physical) pleasures. According to him, higher pleasures are more valuabl…

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Liberalism is a political ideology that emphasizes individual liberty, limited government, and protection of rights. It believes the state should interfere as little as possible in personal and econom…

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Two important liberal thinkers are John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer. Mill supported individual freedom and democracy, while Spencer believed in minimal state control.

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Liberalism supports free markets and private enterprise. It argues that industries and trade grow better in the private sector without government interference, increasing productivity and innovation.