Respiration in Plants

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Cellular respiration is an exothermic oxidative process in which the chemical energy of organic substances is converted into metabolically usable energy within living cells. It is a controlled breakdo…

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ATP stores energy in a usable form and releases it when needed for cell activities. It powers processes such as biosynthesis, active transport, movement, secretion, and activation of reactants.

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Aerobic respiration requires molecular oxygen and occurs in mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and is catalyzed by enzymes present in the cytoplasm.

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Glycolysis is a series of closely integrated reactions in which hexose sugar, usually glucose, is converted into pyruvic acid. It occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen. It is also called…

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The glycolytic pathway is called the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway after Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas, the three scientists who traced these reactions.

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Glucose is phosphorylated using ATP in the presence of hexokinase and Mg++. The product is glucose-6-phosphate and ADP is formed. This is one of the two ATP-consuming steps that prime glycolysis.

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Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated using ATP in the presence of phosphofructokinase and Mg++. The product is fructose-1,6-diphosphate and ADP is formed.

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Two ATP molecules are consumed in the first phase of glycolysis. Four ATP molecules are formed in the second phase, two for each triose split off from fructose-1,6-diphosphate. The net gain is two ATP…