Excretory Products and Their Elimination

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Excretion is the removal of waste products, mainly nitrogenous wastes, from the body. It helps prevent harmful accumulation of substances and supports homeostasis.

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Excretion maintains the internal environment by removing toxic wastes, excess water, and salts. If wastes remain for too long, they disturb osmoregulation, ionic balance, and acid-base balance.

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The main nitrogenous wastes are ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine. They differ in toxicity and in the amount of water needed for elimination.

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Ammonotelism is the elimination of nitrogen mainly in the form of ammonia. Most aquatic invertebrates, fresh water fish, and aquatic amphibians like salamanders are ammonotelic.

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Ureotelism is the elimination of nitrogen mainly in the form of urea. Mammals, some aquatic reptiles like alligators, terrestrial and semi-aquatic amphibians like toads and frogs, and marine fish are …

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Uricotelism is the elimination of nitrogen mainly in the form of uric acid. Birds, terrestrial reptiles, land snails, and insects are uricotelic.

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Uric acid is non-toxic and highly insoluble, so very little water is needed to eliminate it. This helps conserve water in animals living under arid conditions.

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CO2 + 2NH3 -> CO(NH2)2 + H2O. In this reaction, carbon dioxide and ammonia combine to form urea and water.