Morphology of Flowering Plants

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A flowering plant body has two fundamental parts: the underground root system and the aboveground shoot system. The root system anchors the plant and absorbs water and minerals, while the shoot system…

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The root is a non-green, cylindrical, descending axis of the plant that normally grows downwards into the soil. It develops from the radicle and usually lacks nodes, internodes, leaves, and buds.

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When the primary root persists and continues to grow, it becomes the tap root. It is the main root, grows vertically downward, and produces secondary and tertiary roots. This root system is more commo…

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A fibrous root system forms when the primary root is short-lived and is replaced by many thin, thread-like roots arising from the base of the stem. These roots are nearly equal in size and are prevale…

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Adventitious roots arise from any part of the plant body other than the radicle. They may develop underground or aerially, and they occur in both dicots and monocots. Examples include ivy, mangroves, …

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Root hairs are unicellular outgrowths from the young region of the root. They greatly increase the surface area of the root and help in absorption of water and dissolved minerals from the soil.

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A typical root has four main regions: root cap, meristematic zone, zone of elongation, and zone of maturation. The meristematic zone is about 1 mm long, the zone of elongation is about 4-8 mm long, an…

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Most plants have a simple root cap, but Pandanus has a multiple root cap. In hydrophytes like Pistia and Lemna, a root pocket replaces the root cap.