Madhya Pradesh Board Class 12 Geography — NCERT Solutions

Correct Answer: (d) 1210 million

As per the Census of 2011, India's total population was approximately 1210 million (121 crore). Option (a) 1028 million refers to the 2001 Census figure. Options (b) and (c) are incorrect figures not related to India's population.

Correct Answer: (d) Bihar

As per the 2011 Census, Bihar has the highest population density among all Indian states with a density of 1,106 persons per sq. km, making it the most densely populated state in India. West Bengal comes second with 1,028 persons per sq. km.

The statement that does not describe geography is “not relevant in the present time due to the development of technology.” Geography is still relevant because it studies the earth as the home of human beings and the relationship between people, environment, space, and time.

The source that is not a geographical information source is samples of rock materials from the moon. The chapter mentions traveller’s accounts, old maps, and ancient epics as sources of geographical information.

A number or character which represents a measurement is called data. The chapter defines data as numbers that represent measurements from the real world.

A single datum is a single measurement from the real world. The chapter says: “Datum is a single measurement.”

Correct Answer: (b) Bhopal

Justification: Agra is located on the river Yamuna, Patna on the river Ganga, and Kolkata on the river Hooghly (a distributary of the Ganga). Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, is not situated on a river bank; it is located near artificial lakes (Upper Lake and Lower Lake). Hence, Bhopal is NOT located on a river bank.

Correct Answer: (a) Africa

Justification: Africa has the highest population growth rate in the world. Many African countries are in the early stages of demographic transition, characterised by high birth rates and declining death rates, resulting in rapid natural increase of population.

The measure of central tendency that does not get affected by extreme values is the median. In the chapter, median is described as a positional average, so very large or very small values do not change it much. Therefore, the correct option is (d) Median.

Correct Answer: (b) Marginal land

Justification: The standard land-use categories used in India include Fallow land, Net Area Sown, Culturable Wasteland, Forest land, Land put to non-agricultural uses, etc. 'Marginal land' is an economic/agricultural term used to describe land of poor productivity, but it is not an official land-use category in the Indian land-use classification system.

Correct Answer: (c) a positive change in quality

Justification: Development is not merely a change in size or quantity; it implies a qualitative improvement in conditions. It refers to a positive change in quality of life — encompassing better living standards, greater freedom, improved health, and enhanced capabilities — rather than just a numerical or quantitative increase.

A dot map is used to show the distribution of phenomena like population, cattle and crops. The chapter states that population distribution is suitably represented on dot maps.

Correct Answer: (a) Abiotic resource

Water is an abiotic resource because it is a non-living (inorganic) component of the environment. It is also a renewable/cyclic resource since it is continuously replenished through the hydrological cycle. Hence options (b) and (d) are incorrect, and (c) is incorrect because biotic resources are derived from living organisms.

Correct Answer: (c) Wheat

Justification: Coffee, sugarcane, and rubber are all plantation crops grown on large estates, typically in tropical regions. Wheat is a food grain crop grown through extensive or intensive grain cultivation, not as a plantation crop.

The spatial data are characterised by positional, linear and areal forms of appearance. So the correct alternative is all the above forms.

Correct Answer: (a) Assam

Justification: Assam is one of the oldest and most important petroleum-producing states in India. The Digboi oilfield in Assam is the oldest oil field in Asia (discovered in 1889). Other major oil fields in Assam include Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan. Hence, Assam houses the major oil fields among the given options.

Correct Answer: (b) Sugar, cotton textiles and vegetable oils are footloose industries.

Justification: Sugar, cotton textiles and vegetable oils are NOT footloose industries. They are raw-material oriented industries — sugar mills are located near sugarcane fields, cotton textile mills near cotton-growing areas, and oil mills near oilseed-producing regions. Footloose industries are those that can be located anywhere regardless of the source of raw materials or markets (e.g., electronics, gem-cutting). Hence, statement (b) is wrong.

Correct Answer: (b) Area specific approach of development.

Justification: Regional planning focuses on the development of a specific geographic area by identifying its resources, problems, and potentials, and then formulating strategies accordingly. It is an area-specific approach rather than a sector-specific or economy-wide approach.

Correct Answer: (b) Trading

Justification: Tertiary activities involve the provision of services rather than the production of goods. Trading (buying and selling of goods) is a service activity and hence belongs to the tertiary sector. Farming belongs to the primary sector, weaving to the secondary sector, and hunting to the primary sector.

Correct Answer: (c) 17

The Indian Railways network has been divided into 17 zones for administrative and operational purposes. Each zone is headed by a General Manager and is further divided into divisions. The zones include Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western, Central, North Eastern, Northeast Frontier, South Eastern, South Central, East Central, East Coast, North Central, North Western, South East Central, South Western, West Central, and Metro Railway (Kolkata).

Correct Answer: (a) Darwin and Melbourne

Justification: The Trans-Continental Stuart Highway is an Australian highway that runs between Darwin (in the Northern Territory) and Melbourne (in Victoria), passing through Alice Springs. It is one of the most important north–south road links in Australia.

Trade between two countries is called international trade. In the chapter, foreign trade of India is discussed as trade with other countries, which is the same idea.

Correct Answer: (c) Comprehensive Ports

Justification: Most of the world's great ports handle a large variety of goods — both imports and exports — and serve diverse functions including commercial, industrial, and passenger traffic. Such ports are called Comprehensive Ports. Examples include London, Mumbai, and New York.

Correct option: (c) Yamuna

The Yamuna river is one of the most polluted rivers in India. It receives enormous quantities of untreated industrial effluents, sewage, and domestic waste, especially as it flows through Delhi and other major urban-industrial centres. The Yamuna stretch between Delhi and Agra is considered critically polluted.