Spatial Information Technology

The spatial data are characterised by positional, linear and areal forms of appearance. So the correct alternative is all the above forms.

Buffering is a spatial analysis operation, and the chapter says spatial analysis requires the analysis module software. So the correct answer is buffering.

A disadvantage of raster data format listed in the chapter is difficult network analysis.

An advantage of vector data format given in the chapter is compact data structure.

Urban change detection is done by comparing maps of different years, which is an overlay operation. So the correct answer is overlay operations.

Raster data model represents a feature as a pattern of grid cells/pixels. It is useful for images and backdrop maps, but individual features are less exact. Vector data model represents features by points, lines and polygons using coordinates. It is more precise and suitable when individual map features need analysis. Example: a satellite image is raster, while a road map or boundary map is vector.

Overlay analysis is the GIS operation of placing two or more thematic layers of the same area one over another to produce a new map layer. It helps compare maps, study changes such as land-use change, and analyse suitability or transformation of land.