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Exogenous Processes and Associated Landforms

ICSE · Class 11 · Geography

Quick revision notes for Exogenous Processes and Associated Landforms — ICSE Class 11 Geography. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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Key Topics to Revise

1

Gradation: Levelling the Earth's Surface

  • Gradation is the process of removing unevenness from the land surface to create a level surface.
  • Internal (tectonic) forces level UP the surface; external (exogenous) forces level DOWN the surface.
  • A surface is called 'graded' only when erosion and deposition are almost equal.
2

Weathering: Breaking Down of Rocks

  • Weathering is the breaking of rocks by static agents of weather – there is NO movement of material except due to gravity.
  • Rocks are disintegrated by physical forces and decomposed by chemical action.
  • According to B. Sparks: 'Weathering is the mechanical fracturing and chemical decomposition of rocks, in situ, by the natural agents at the surface of the earth.'
3

Physical vs Chemical Weathering – Comparison

  • Physical weathering: rocks disintegrate by physical force; no chemical change; effective in dry and cold areas.
  • Chemical weathering: rocks decompose by chemical action; effective in hot and humid areas.
  • Physical weathering affects rocks to great depth; chemical weathering affects rocks near the surface only.
4

Biological Weathering

  • Biological weathering involves the action of animals, insects, vegetation, and man in breaking down rocks.
  • Animals and insects (dogs, rabbits, rats, jackals, termites) consume rock and soil for making habitats and extracting food.
  • Earthworms: In average soil, 1,50,000 worms per acre raise 10-15 tonnes of material yearly. Their excretions provide acids for rock decay.

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Full Notes

Key Concepts

Exogenous processes are external forces operatingGradation is the overall processDegradation is the general wearing awayAggradation is the process of depositionPhysical weathering is the disintegration

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Exogenous Processes and Associated Landforms for ICSE Class 11 Geography?
Exogenous Processes and Associated Landforms covers several key topics that are frequently asked in ICSE Class 11 board exams. Focus on the core concepts listed on this page and practise related questions to build confidence.
How to score full marks in Exogenous Processes and Associated Landforms — ICSE Class 11 Geography?
Start by understanding all key concepts. Practise previous year questions from this chapter. Revise formulas and definitions regularly. Use flashcards for quick revision before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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