Exogenous Processes and Associated Landforms

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Exogenous processes are surface processes that act on the Earth’s surface and create landforms. They include weathering and denudation, and are carried out by river, glacier, wind, underground water, …

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Exogenous forces derive their energy from the Sun. Solar energy drives processes such as weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition on the Earth's surface.

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Gradation is the process of removing unevenness from the land surface and making it level. It happens through erosion in highlands and deposition in lowlands, so the surface is slowly brought toward b…

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Degradation is the general wearing away of the land surface by external forces. It is also known as denudation. Aggradation is deposition, where eroded material is laid down in lowlands or depressions…

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A surface is graded only when erosion and deposition by different agents are almost equal. Graded surfaces are always temporary because as soon as any part emerges from the sea, erosion becomes active…

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Denudation means the general wearing away of the land surface. The term comes from the Latin word denudare, meaning to lay bare. It includes the results of weathering, erosion, and transportation.

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Weathering is the breaking down of rocks at the Earth’s surface without movement, except the falling down of material by gravity. Erosion is a mobile process because it removes and transports material…

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Weathering is the mechanical fracturing and chemical decomposition of rocks, in situ, by natural agents at the Earth's surface. It weakens and breaks rocks where they are found, without transport.