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Gandhian Nationalism (1916-1922)

ICSE · Class 11 · History

Quick revision notes for Gandhian Nationalism (1916-1922) — ICSE Class 11 History. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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Key Topics to Revise

1

1. Background and Gandhi's Entry into Indian Politics (1915-1919)

  • Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India in January 1915 after his successful Satyagraha campaigns in South Africa against General Smuts' autocratic rule
  • Founded the Satyagraha Ashram near Ahmedabad in 1915 to teach Indians the principles of non-violent resistance
  • Till 1918, Satyagraha was applied only to local issues like indigo workers' strikes in Champaran (1917)
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2. Rowlatt Act Agitation (1919) and Its Failures

  • Justice Sydney Rowlatt Committee appointed in 1917 to investigate revolutionary crime and recommend suppression legislation
  • On 24 February 1919, Gandhi formed a Satyagraha Sabha in Bombay to protest the proposed bills
  • Hartal called for 30 March but later changed to 6 April 1919 - observed throughout India
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3. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April 1919)

  • Following the Rowlatt Act agitation, tension escalated in Punjab, especially in Amritsar
  • Local leaders Dr. Kichlew and Dr. Satyapal were arrested on 10 April 1919
  • On 13 April 1919, unarmed crowd assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to protest the arrests
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4. The Khilafat Movement (1919-1922) and Its Significance

  • Turkey supported Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria) during World War I
  • After Allied victory, Turkey faced harsh terms from the victorious powers (England, Russia, France)
  • The Sultan of Turkey (Khalifa) was removed from power

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Key Concepts

SatyagrahaThe Rowlatt Act was a repressiveThe Jallianwala Bagh massacre was oneThe Khilafat Movement was an independentThe Non

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