The end of the European empires

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European powers were weakened by war, money problems, and rising anti-colonial nationalism. Colonial peoples had also gained confidence through wartime experience, and the idea of self-rule became muc…

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Decolonization is the process by which colonies won independence from European rule. In the post-1945 period, many Asian and African territories became sovereign states, sometimes peacefully and somet…

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Neo-colonialism is influence over former colonies through trade, finance, and economic pressure after formal political independence. It does not rely on direct rule, but it can still keep new states d…

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The metropolitan thesis says that decolonization happened mainly because of pressures and changes in the European countries themselves, not only because of resistance inside the colonies. Robert Holla…

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Nationalist movements grew because colonial peoples had long resented exploitation, and the war made change seem possible. Japanese victories showed that European armies could be defeated, many Africa…

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It said that nations should not expand by taking territory from other nations, and that all peoples should have the right to choose their own form of government. These ideas raised expectations in col…

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Britain introduced the Morley-Minto reforms in 1909, the Montague-Chelmsford reforms in 1919, and the Government of India Act in 1935. These measures gave Indians increasing say in government before f…

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Hindu-Muslim tension increased after the 1937 elections, when Congress won eight of the eleven provinces and then called on the Muslim League to merge with it. Jinnah feared Muslim domination in a uni…