Russia under Lenin and Stalin
ICSE · Class 12 · History
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What were the February/March Revolution and the October/November Revolution?
Answer
The February/March Revolution was the first revolution: it overthrew the Tsar and set up a moderate provisional government. The October/November Revolution was the second revolution: the Bolsheviks se…
Why do the Russian Revolutions have two month names?
Answer
Russia used the Julian calendar until 1918, and it was 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar used in most of Europe. So the February Revolution began on 23 February 1917 in the Julian calendar, which …
What was the role of Lenin in 1917?
Answer
Lenin returned from exile in Switzerland in April 1917 through a German-provided sealed train. He wrote the April Theses, called for all power to be taken by the soviets, and urged withdrawal from the…
What were the April Theses?
Answer
The April Theses were Lenin’s main political ideas after returning to Russia in 1917. He urged the Bolsheviks to stop supporting the provisional government, demand all power for the soviets, and end R…
Who was Alexander Kerensky and what did he do?
Answer
Alexander Kerensky was a moderate socialist who replaced Prince George Lvov as prime minister in July 1917. He ordered the disastrous June offensive, which weakened army morale and helped the provisio…
What caused the failure of the provisional government?
Answer
It failed because it continued the war, faced rising inflation and shortages, delayed land reform and elections, and could not rely on the army. It also lost authority during the July Days and the Kor…
What were the July Days?
Answer
The July Days were mass demonstrations on 3 July 1917 by workers, soldiers, and sailors in Petrograd. About 400 people were killed in the violence. After this, the Bolsheviks lost popularity for a tim…
What was the Kornilov affair?
Answer
General Kornilov, the army commander-in-chief, marched troops on Petrograd in August 1917 because he viewed the Bolsheviks as traitors. Kerensky ordered Kornilov’s arrest. The affair damaged the provi…
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