A bitter peace 1918-33
ICSE · Class 12 · History
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Why is the period after 1918 described as a bitter peace?
Answer
The end of fighting did not bring lasting stability. Europe and other regions remained full of civil wars, political conflict, economic hardship, and resentment. The peace settlements created anger, e…
What does the term Treaty of Brest-Litovsk mean?
Answer
It was the peace settlement between Germany and Bolshevik Russia on the Eastern Front, signed on 3 March 1918. Russia accepted very harsh terms to end the war in the east and focus on internal danger …
Why did Lenin accept the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk despite its harsh terms?
Answer
Lenin accepted the harsh treaty because he wanted to concentrate on internal threats, especially the struggle against enemies inside Russia during the Civil War. The treaty left Russia isolated intern…
Who was Leon Trotsky and what was his role in the Russian Civil War?
Answer
Leon Trotsky was a Bolshevik revolutionary and the People's Commissar for War. He created and led the new Red Army during the Russian Civil War and used strict discipline, conscription, and ex-tsarist…
How did the Red Army grow during the Civil War?
Answer
After conscription began in May 1918, the Red Army grew from 500,000 men in April 1919 to 5 million by June 1920. This rapid expansion helped the Bolsheviks defeat the White forces.
What is the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer
It was the peace settlement with Germany, signed on 28 June 1919. It contained 440 clauses across more than 200 pages and was rushed to print without being fully read.
Why did many Germans feel resentful after the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer
Many Germans felt humiliated because the treaty was dictated to them, Germany was blamed for causing the war, and the settlement was seen as harsh. The German delegation responded with bitterness, and…
Who were the Big Four at Versailles?
Answer
The Big Four were Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd-George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy. They dominated the peace negotiations.
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