ICSE Class 12 History — Flashcards for Quick Revision

A: The war had long-term roots that built up over decades, not just one single cause. Political tension, military rivalry, economic competition, alliances, and crises in Europe all contributed to the out

A: The Great War lasted from August 1914 to November 1918. This period marks the main fighting phase of the First World War.

A: It refers to Europe being divided into two armed camps. This division began in 1882 and was completed by 1907, creating a tense balance of power and making international conflict more dangerous.

A: It was called a total war because it involved not only armies and navies but entire populations, industry, food supply, transport, propaganda, and colonial troops. The fighting affected Europe, the Mi

A: The Allied or Entente Powers were Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Romania, the United States, and Japan. Britain also drew on troops from its empire, including Australia, Canada, Indi

A: The Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. These states fought against the Allied or Entente Powers.

A: The end of fighting did not bring lasting stability. Europe and other regions remained full of civil wars, political conflict, economic hardship, and resentment. The peace settlements created anger, e

A: It was the peace settlement between Germany and Bolshevik Russia on the Eastern Front, signed on 3 March 1918. Russia accepted very harsh terms to end the war in the east and focus on internal danger

A: Lenin accepted the harsh treaty because he wanted to concentrate on internal threats, especially the struggle against enemies inside Russia during the Civil War. The treaty left Russia isolated intern