The road to war

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The post-World War I order looked peaceful at first, but it was fragile. Economic collapse, especially the Great Depression, weakened states and encouraged aggressive nationalism. As a result, powerfu…

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It was the first major act of aggression of the 1930s. Japanese troops seized Manchuria after the Mukden incident, and the League of Nations failed to stop the invasion effectively.

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It was a staged incident in September 1931 used by Japan as a pretext for action in Manchuria. The explosion damaged only a few yards of track and did not even stop the next scheduled train.

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The League failed to stop Japanese aggression in Manchuria and Italian aggression in Abyssinia. This damaged its reputation badly and showed that collective security was not being enforced strongly en…

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It was an organisation founded in 1930 by Japanese militarists, patriots, and young army officers. It supported authoritarian rule at home and aggressive foreign policy toward China.

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It refers to the period 1931-41, when Japan moved sharply toward militarism and authoritarianism. The period is linked with expansion into China and growing military control over politics.

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Stalin saw Nazi Germany as a serious threat. He feared war, mistrusted fascism, and tried to strengthen Soviet power through industrial growth, military expansion, and strict internal control.

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Stalin carried out collectivization, purges, and harsh control over society. Between 1931-33, famine and related epidemics killed an estimated 5-7 million people, with perhaps 10 million more nearly s…