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Conflict in the Middle East

ICSE · Class 12 · History

Quick revision notes for Conflict in the Middle East — ICSE Class 12 History. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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Key Topics to Revise

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10.1 Arab Unity and Foreign Interference in the Middle East

  • Arabs share common language (Arabic), religion (mostly Islam), and desire for Palestinian independence, but lack political unity
  • Arab League founded in 1945 with 7 founding members; expanded to 20 states by 1980 but achieved little politically due to internal conflicts
  • Pan-Arabism under Nasser (1954-70) boosted Arab unity; Egypt-Syria merged into United Arab Republic (1958-1961)
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10.2 Creation of Israel and Arab-Israeli War (1948-49)

  • Historical context: Jews driven from Palestine by Romans in 71 AD; small Jewish communities remained for 1700+ years
  • World Zionist Organization founded 1897 in Basel—promoted idea of Jewish national homeland in response to European persecution
  • Balfour Declaration (1917): Britain declared support for Jewish home in Palestine; Palestine became British mandate in 1919
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10.3 The Suez War of 1956

  • Colonel Nasser emerged as new Egyptian leader (1954-70); pro-Arab, anti-Western, nationalist orientation
  • Nasser's aggressive actions: organized fedayeen (guerrilla fighters) for sabotage in Israel; blockaded Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat port); refused British troop renewal in Suez
  • September 1955: Nasser signed arms deal with Czechoslovakia (Soviet-bloc); received Soviet tanks, fighters, bombers—alarmed Americans
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10.4 The Six-Day War of 1967

  • Arab states refused to recognize Israel; planned another attempt to destroy it with coordination between Iraq, Syria, Egypt
  • Iraq: New Ba'ath Party government (1963) influenced by Syrian Ba'ath ideology (Arab independence, unity, socialist reform); June 1967 announced goal to 'wipe Israel off map'
  • Syria: Ba'ath Party came to power (1966); supported El Fatah (Palestinian Liberation Movement); founded 1957, became core of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) with Yasser Arafat; bombarded Israe

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Key Concepts

PanBritain and France maintained control overIn 1947Colonel Nasser's Egypt nationalized the SuezEgypt

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