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A bitter peace 1918-33

ICSE · Class 12 · History

Quick revision notes for A bitter peace 1918-33 — ICSE Class 12 History. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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Key Topics to Revise

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1. The End of War and Continuing Conflict (1918-1920)

  • The armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, but violence and conflict continued well beyond this date
  • The Spanish Flu pandemic (1918-1919) killed 20-40 million people, more than WWI itself
  • The 'bitter peace' included civil wars in Russia, Ireland, Turkey, Poland, and China
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2. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1917-1918)

  • Signed between Bolshevik Russia (represented by Leon Trotsky) and Germany in March 1918
  • Russia lost the Ukraine, Finland, Poland, and all Baltic territories—300 years of territorial expansion undone
  • Germany used military superiority to force harsh terms upon an economically exhausted Russia
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3. The Treaty of Versailles (1919): The Peace Conference and Settlement

  • Peace conference opened January 18, 1919 at the Quai d'Orsay in Paris; concluded when terms presented May 7, 1919
  • Dominated by the 'Big Four': Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd-George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
  • 32 states officially represented but little actual consensus; operated without proper agenda or minutes
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3a. Key Terms of the Treaty of Versailles

  • Territorial losses: Alsace-Lorraine to France, Polish Corridor to Poland, Danzig as Free City, overseas colonies forfeited
  • The Saar coal mines given to France for 15 years, then plebiscite would decide sovereignty
  • Rhineland demilitarized—German troops forbidden; Allied occupation for 15 years

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Key Concepts

An exceptionally virulent strain of influenzaA peace treaty between RussiaThe main peace treaty ending WWIAmerican President Wilson proposed a peaceAn international organization created to maintain

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