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Russia under Lenin and Stalin

ICSE · Class 12 · History

Quick revision notes for Russia under Lenin and Stalin — ICSE Class 12 History. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

70 questions48 flashcards5 concepts

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Key Topics to Revise

1

1. The Revolutions of 1917

  • Russia used the Julian calendar until 1918, so the February Revolution began on 23 February (Julian) / 8 March (Gregorian) 1917.
  • The February/March Revolution overthrew Tsar Nicholas II and set up a mainly liberal provisional government.
  • Prince George Lvov became the first Prime Minister of the provisional government.
2

2. Lenin's Consolidation of Power

  • The Bolsheviks were a minority in the country but used decisive action to hold power.
  • Lenin nationalized land, banks, large factories, and mines.
  • Workers' control was introduced in factories, and the working day was limited to eight hours.
3

3. War with Germany and the Civil War

  • Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.
  • The treaty was punitive and cost Russia a third of its farming land, a third of its population, two-thirds of its coalmines, and half its heavy industry.
  • The loss of Ukraine worsened food shortages.
4

4. Lenin's Economic and Political Policy, 1921-24

  • By 1921 Lenin turned to the New Economic Policy, or NEP.
  • NEP allowed peasants to keep surplus produce after paying a tax.
  • Private trade returned under NEP, but heavy industry, power, transport, and banking remained under state control.

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Key Concepts

The first revolution began on 23The Bolsheviks took power on 25After the revolutionThe Cheka was the new securityDuring the civil war

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Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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