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Continuing communism, collapse and aftermath, 1953 to the present

ICSE · Class 12 · History

Quick revision notes for Continuing communism, collapse and aftermath, 1953 to the present — ICSE Class 12 History. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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Key Topics to Revise

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1. Khrushchev and de-Stalinization, 1953-64

  • After Stalin's death in 1953, no single leader was obvious, so power was shared at first.
  • Malenkov became chairman of the Council of Ministers, Khrushchev became party secretary, and Beria headed the secret police.
  • Beria was executed after Stalin's death, while Malenkov resigned in 1955 after disagreeing with Khrushchev on industrial policy.
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2. Brezhnev era, stagnation, and control, 1964-85

  • After Khrushchev's fall, power was initially shared by Kosygin, Brezhnev, and Podgorny.
  • Kosygin was first the leading figure and chief spokesman on foreign affairs, but Brezhnev eclipsed him in the early 1970s after a dispute over economic decentralization.
  • Brezhnev established firm personal control by 1977 and remained leader until his death in November 1982.
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3. Gorbachev, reform, and the collapse of communism, 1985-91

  • Gorbachev came to power in March 1985 at age 54.
  • His main policies were glasnost and perestroika.
  • Glasnost means openness, especially in politics, media, and public discussion.
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4. Yeltsin, shock therapy, and the crisis of post-communist Russia, 1991-99

  • Yeltsin became the central figure in post-communist Russia.
  • He was president of Russia from 1991 until the end of December 1999.
  • Yegor Gaidar, a young monetarist economist, designed shock therapy.

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Key Concepts

Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s personality cultLaunched in 1954From 1964 to 1985This justified Soviet intervention in anyGorbachev’s policy of openness allowed more

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Continuing communism, collapse and aftermath, 1953 to the present covers several key topics that are frequently asked in ICSE Class 12 board exams. Focus on the core concepts listed on this page and practise related questions to build confidence.
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