Gravitation
NIOS · Class 12 · Physics
All formulas from Gravitation in NIOS Class 12 Physics. Key equations, constants, and identities for board exam preparation.
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Formulas
Newton's Law of Gravitation
F = G·m₁·m₂ / r²
F₁₂ = −F₂₁ (Newton's 3rd Law pair)
Acceleration Due to Gravity
g = GM/R²
gₕ = g / (1 + h/R)² ≈ g(1 − 2h/R) for h << R
g_d = g(1 − d/R)
gλ = g − Rω²cosλ
Weight, Mass, Gravitational Potential and Potential Energy
W = mg
U = −GMm/r
V = −GM/r
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
T² ∝ r³ → T₁²/T₂² = r₁³/r₂³
v_orb = 2πr/T = √(GM_s/r)
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