Endogenous Processes and Associated Landforms

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Endogenetic forces are internal forces generated in the interior of the earth. They are responsible for the formation of mountains, plateaus, plains, volcanoes, and earthquakes.

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Exogenetic forces are external forces that affect landforms. They act separately from endogenetic forces and shape the earth's surface from outside.

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Diastrophism is the slow movement that disturbs or deforms the earth's crust. It includes folding, faulting, uplift, and depression, and its effects become visible over thousands of years.

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The two main types are epeirogenetic or vertical forces and orogenetic or horizontal forces. Epeirogenetic forces raise or sink continents, while orogenetic forces build mountains and greatly disturb …

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Epeirogenetic forces are vertical forces. They cause continents to rise or sink. They build continents on a large scale but do not disturb the horizontality of rock strata much; at most, the strata ma…

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Orogenetic forces are horizontal mountain-building forces. They act in a sideways direction and greatly disturb the horizontal arrangement of rock strata. Compression and tension are the two main type…

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Folding is the bending of horizontal layers of rocks. It is caused by compression, when rocks are pushed from opposite sides. Folding may produce upfolds and downfolds in the rock strata.

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An anticline is an up-fold of rock strata. Its limbs incline in different directions from the top, so it forms the crest of a fold.