Human Evolution
ICSE · Class 12 · Biology
Flashcards for Human Evolution — ICSE Class 12 Biology. Quick Q&A cards covering key concepts, definitions, and formulas.
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Get startedWhat is the Big Bang theory in context of the origin of the universe?
Answer
The universe originated ~13.8 billion years ago from an explosion of extremely hot and dense matter. Matter condensed to form galaxies, stars, and planets. Earth formed ~4.5 billion years ago.
What is the Miller-Urey experiment and what did it prove?
Answer
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey (1953) simulated early Earth conditions (H₂, CH₄, NH₃, water vapour, electric spark). Produced amino acids and organic molecules. Proved abiotic synthesis of organic mol…
What is the Oparin-Haldane theory of chemical evolution?
Answer
Proposed that life originated from simple inorganic chemicals under early Earth's reducing atmosphere (no free O₂). Progressive chemical evolution: inorganic → organic molecules → polymers → coacervat…
What are coacervates and protobionts?
Answer
Coacervates: protein-lipid aggregates that spontaneously form in water, showing some life-like properties (absorption, growth, simple catalysis). Protobionts: precellular structures that show selectiv…
When did life first appear on Earth?
Answer
Oldest stromatolites (cyanobacteria fossils) dated to ~3.5 billion years ago. Chemical signatures of life found in rocks ~3.8 billion years ago. Earth formed ~4.5 billion years ago — life appeared rel…
What is the RNA world hypothesis?
Answer
Proposed that RNA was the first genetic and catalytic molecule (ribozyme). RNA could both carry information and catalyse reactions. Later, DNA took over information storage (more stable), and proteins…
What is Lamarck's theory of evolution?
Answer
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters (1809): (1) Organisms develop new organs in response to need, (2) Acquired characters are inherited by offspring. Example: giraffes stretched necks → longe…
What is Darwin's theory of Natural Selection?
Answer
(1) Overproduction: more offspring than can survive. (2) Variation: individuals vary in heritable traits. (3) Struggle for existence. (4) Survival of the fittest: those with favourable variations surv…
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