Evidences and Theories of Biological Evolution
ICSE · Class 12 · Biology
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Get startedWhat is a fossil and name any three types of fossils?
Answer
A fossil is the preserved remains, impressions, or traces of organisms that lived in the past. Types: (1) Mineralised/Petrified — organic material replaced by minerals; (2) Mould and Cast — impression…
What is the horse evolution series and what does it show?
Answer
The horse evolution series shows progressive changes over ~60 million years: Eohippus/Hyracotherium (55 mya, small, 4 toes) → Mesohippus (3 toes) → Merychippus (large 3 toes, grazing teeth) → Pliohipp…
Why is Archaeopteryx described as a connecting link between reptiles and birds?
Answer
Archaeopteryx (Jurassic, ~150 mya) is a connecting link because it has features of BOTH groups. Bird features: wings, flight feathers, wishbone (furcula), bird-like feet. Reptile features: teeth in ja…
What is radioactive dating? Name two radioactive isotopes used for fossil dating.
Answer
Radioactive dating uses the known decay rate (half-life) of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of fossils and rocks. (1) Carbon-14 (C-14): half-life = 5,730 years; used for organic material up …
Which was the largest mass extinction in Earth's history and when did it occur?
Answer
The End-Permian mass extinction (~252 million years ago), also called 'The Great Dying,' was the largest. It eliminated approximately 96% of all species on Earth. The five major mass extinctions are: …
Define homologous organs and give two examples.
Answer
Homologous organs are structures that have the SAME basic structural plan (same embryonic origin) but serve DIFFERENT functions in different organisms. They are evidence of common ancestry (divergent …
Distinguish between homologous and analogous organs.
Answer
Homologous organs: SAME structure, DIFFERENT function → evidence of common ancestry (divergent evolution). Example: pentadactyl limb in vertebrates. Analogous organs: DIFFERENT structure, SAME functio…
Name any five connecting links and the groups they connect.
Answer
Five connecting links: (1) Archaeopteryx — Reptilia and Aves (birds); (2) Peripatus (velvet worm) — Annelida and Arthropoda; (3) Neopilina — Annelida and Mollusca; (4) Protopterus (lungfish) — Pisces …
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