Principles and Processes of Biotechnology
ICSE · Class 12 · Biology
Flashcards for Principles and Processes of Biotechnology — ICSE Class 12 Biology. Quick Q&A cards covering key concepts, definitions, and formulas.
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Get startedWhat does EcoRI stand for? Break down each part of the name.
Answer
E = Escherichia (genus, 1 letter capital) co = coli (species, 2 letters lowercase) R = RY13 (strain designation) I = First enzyme isolated from this strain Full source: Escherichia coli strain RY13…
What is the recognition sequence of EcoRI? What type of ends does it produce?
Answer
Recognition sequence: 5'-GAATTC-3' (palindrome) Cuts between G and A: 5'-G↓AATTC-3' / 3'-CTTAA↑G-5' Produces: Sticky ends (cohesive ends) with 5'-AATT-3' single-stranded overhangs (4 nucleotide overha…
What is the first restriction enzyme ever discovered? Where was it isolated from?
Answer
First restriction enzyme: HindII Source: Haemophilus influenzae Rd (strain d) Discovered by: Hamilton Smith HindII produces BLUNT ends (cuts at the axis of symmetry) Note: Nobel Prize 1978 was awarded…
What are the three types of restriction enzymes? Which type is used in genetic engineering?
Answer
Type I: Cuts non-specifically, far from recognition site (1000+ bp away); requires ATP and SAM; not used in cloning Type II: Cuts at or within the palindromic recognition site; needs only Mg²⁺; USED I…
What is a palindromic sequence in DNA? Give an example.
Answer
A palindrome in DNA is a sequence that reads the same in the 5'→3' direction on BOTH complementary strands. Example — EcoRI recognition site: 5'-GAATTC-3' 3'-CTTAAG-5' Read the bottom strand 5'→3' (ri…
What is the difference between sticky ends and blunt ends? Give one example of each.
Answer
Sticky ends (cohesive ends): Single-stranded overhangs after staggered cut. E.g., EcoRI leaves 5'-AATT-3' overhangs. Can H-bond with complementary sticky ends → efficient ligation. Blunt ends: No over…
What are the four essential features of an ideal cloning vector?
Answer
ORSM mnemonic: 1. Origin of replication (ori): allows autonomous replication in host without chromosomal integration 2. Restriction sites / MCS (Multiple Cloning Site): where foreign DNA is inserted 3…
Describe the key features of pBR322 plasmid.
Answer
Size: 4362 bp circular plasmid Named after: Bolivar and Rodriguez (1977) Selectable markers: ampR (β-lactamase, ampicillin resistance) + tetR (tetracycline resistance) Other features: ori (origin of r…
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