Microbes in Human Welfare
ICSE · Class 12 · Biology
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Explore the full setWhich microorganism converts milk to curd and how?
Answer
Lactobacillus (LAB — Lactic Acid Bacteria). It ferments milk lactose to lactic acid, which lowers pH, denaturing and coagulating casein proteins. Also increases vitamin B12 content of curd.
What microorganisms are used to make yoghurt?
Answer
Co-culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Streptococcus thermophilus, incubated at 40°C. L. bulgaricus produces lactic acid; S. thermophilus produces acidity + aroma compounds.
Why does bread rise during baking? Which organism is responsible?
Answer
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) ferments sugars in dough, producing CO2 gas. CO2 gets trapped → dough rises (leavening). Heat during baking kills yeast; CO2 expands creating porous texture.
What causes the large holes in Swiss cheese?
Answer
Propionibacterium shermanii — a bacterium that ferments lactic acid to propionic acid (flavour) and CO2 gas. The CO2 gets trapped in the curd, forming the characteristic large holes (eyes) of Swiss ch…
Which fungi are used to ripen Roquefort and Camembert cheese?
Answer
Roquefort cheese: Penicillium roquefortii (blue-green veining, distinctive flavour). Camembert cheese: Penicillium camemberti (white surface mould, soft texture). Both are ripened by Penicillium speci…
What is Toddy? How is it made?
Answer
Toddy is a mildly alcoholic drink made from fermenting the sap (neera) of palm trees (coconut palm, toddy palm) by naturally occurring yeasts in the sap. As sugar ferments to ethanol, the sap becomes …
Who discovered penicillin and when? What was the source microorganism?
Answer
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. He observed that Penicillium notatum mould contaminating his Staphylococcus culture cleared a zone around it. He named the inhibitory substance penicil…
Who developed penicillin as a therapeutic drug? What award did they receive?
Answer
Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain purified and developed penicillin for clinical use in the early 1940s. Fleming, Florey, and Chain jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945…
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