Organisms and Populations
ICSE · Class 12 · Biology
Flashcards for Organisms and Populations — ICSE Class 12 Biology. Quick Q&A cards covering key concepts, definitions, and formulas.
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See them allWho coined the term ecology and when?
Answer
Ernst Haeckel formally defined ecology in 1886 (from Greek: oikos = house, logos = study). Henry David Thoreau first used the term informally in 1858. Ramdeo Misra is called the Father of Indian Ecolo…
What is the difference between autecology and synecology?
Answer
Autecology = study of a single species and its relationship with its environment. Synecology = study of a group of species (community) and their relationship with the environment.
List the levels of ecological organisation in order.
Answer
Organism → Population → Community (Biotic Community) → Ecosystem → Landscape → Biome → Biosphere. Each level has unique properties not found at lower levels.
Define population density and name two ways to measure it.
Answer
Population density (N) = number of individuals per unit area or volume. Measurement methods: (1) Direct counting/census — used for large visible animals; (2) Quadrat sampling — used for plants and ses…
What is natality and mortality? How do they affect population growth?
Answer
Natality (birth rate, b) = rate of addition of new individuals by birth/hatching/budding. Mortality (death rate, d) = rate of loss of individuals by death. Net growth rate = (b + immigration) − (d + e…
What is carrying capacity (K)?
Answer
Carrying capacity (K) = the maximum population size that a habitat can sustainably support given its available resources (food, space, water, shelter). At N = K, population growth ceases. K is not fix…
Describe the three types of age distribution pyramids and what they indicate.
Answer
(1) Expanding/growing pyramid: broad base (many young), triangular — indicates high birth rate, growing population. (2) Stable pyramid: bell/beehive shape — equal proportions at each age group, birth …
Write the equation for exponential population growth and explain each term.
Answer
dN/dt = rN. N = population size; t = time; r = intrinsic rate of natural increase = b − d (birth rate minus death rate); dN/dt = rate of change of population per unit time. Also written as Nt = N0 × e…
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