Principles of Inheritance and Variation

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Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of heredity and variations. It explains how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring and why offspring also show differences.

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Heredity is the transmission of genetically based characters from parents to their offsprings. It is the basis of inheritance and explains why young ones resemble their parents.

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Variation is the degree by which progeny differ from their parents. It is seen in features such as height, eye colour, hair shape, skin colour, and many other traits.

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Gregor Johann Mendel is called the Father of Genetics because he carried out hybridization experiments on garden pea for seven years and proposed the laws of inheritance.

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Garden pea was suitable because it had many pure breeding varieties, visible contrasting characters, bisexual flowers, easy control of self-pollination, fertile hybrids, short generation time, and a l…

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A monohybrid cross is a cross between two plants that differ constantly in one character. It is used to study inheritance of a single trait.

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Monohybrid F2 Phenotypic Ratio: 3 : 1 [dominant : recessive phenotype] Monohybrid F2 Genotypic Ratio: 1 : 2 : 1 [homozygous dominant : heterozygous : homozygous recessive]…

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The law of dominance states that out of a pair of allelomorphic characters, one is dominant and the other recessive. In the F1 generation, only the dominant trait is expressed.