Human Health and Disease
ICSE · Class 12 · Biology
Flashcards for Human Health and Disease — ICSE Class 12 Biology. Quick Q&A cards covering key concepts, definitions, and formulas.
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See them allWhat is the causative agent of typhoid fever?
Answer
Salmonella typhi (bacterium). It causes enteric fever affecting the intestines. Confirmed by the Widal test (agglutination test). Spread via contaminated food and water.
Which test confirms typhoid fever?
Answer
Widal test — an agglutination test that detects antibodies against Salmonella typhi in the patient's serum.
What causes pneumonia? How does it impair breathing?
Answer
Streptococcus pneumoniae (primary cause) / Haemophilus influenzae (secondary). Alveoli fill with fluid and dead white blood cells, reducing air space and impairing gas exchange.
Which virus causes the common cold?
Answer
Rhinovirus. It infects the upper respiratory tract (not lungs). Spread by droplet infection and contact with contaminated objects.
Name the causative agent and vector of malaria.
Answer
Causative agent: Plasmodium spp. (protozoan). Vector: female Anopheles mosquito (male is non-infective — feeds on plant juice).
Which Plasmodium species causes the most dangerous form of malaria?
Answer
Plasmodium falciparum — causes malignant tertian malaria. Most severe; can cause cerebral malaria leading to death. P. vivax causes benign tertian; P. malariae causes quartan; P. ovale causes ovale te…
What is haemozoin and what symptoms does it cause?
Answer
Haemozoin is a pigment released when infected RBCs rupture (by-product of haemoglobin digestion by Plasmodium). It is toxic and triggers high fever, chills, and rigors — the characteristic malarial pa…
Name the pathogen and transmission route of amoebiasis.
Answer
Entamoeba histolytica (protozoan). Transmitted via contaminated food and water (faeco-oral route). Causes intestinal ulcers and dysentery.
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