Water Resources -Irrigation
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Geography
Complete topic list for Water Resources -Irrigation in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Geography. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Water Resources -Irrigation
Water Resources and Their Significance
- Water is a renewable but limited resource; only 3% of Earth's water is freshwater.
- India has 4% of global water resources but supports 16% of the world’s population.
- Per capita water availability in India has decreased from 5177 m³ in 1951 to 1829 m³ in 2001.
Sources of Water
- Four main sources: Surface water, Groundwater, Atmospheric water, Oceanic water.
- Surface water includes rivers, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs; major rivers are Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra.
- India’s reservoir storage capacity is 17,400 billion m³, up from 180 billion m³ at independence.
Means of Irrigation
- Three main methods: Wells & Tube wells, Canals, Tanks.
- Wells and tube wells contribute 46% of net irrigated area (2014–15), up from 41% in 2001–02.
- Canal irrigation declined from 27% to 24% during the same period.
Water Conservation and Management
- Rainwater harvesting involves collecting and storing rainwater or recharging groundwater.
- Urban areas use rooftop harvesting; rural areas use traditional methods like bawlis and ponds.
- Watershed development manages land and water in small basins to prevent erosion and recharge groundwater.
Key Concepts
Central concept: Water Resources and Irrigation
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Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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