Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology
CBSE · Class 12 · Biotechnology
Complete topic list for Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology in CBSE Class 12 Biotechnology. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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4.1 DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA fingerprinting was developed by Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1984 at the University of Leicester.
- About 99.9% of human genome is identical among individuals; only 0.1% shows inherited variations.
- The non-coding regions of the genome contain Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) — short sequences repeated in tandem at a specific locus.
4.2 Transgenic Organisms
- Transgenesis: insertion of a foreign gene (transgene) into an organism's genome so it is transmitted and expressed in progeny.
- Organisms carrying transgenes are called Transgenic Organisms or GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms).
- First GMO: bacterium by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen (1973).
4.3 Gene Therapy
- Gene therapy: technique designed to repair faulty genes by introducing correct genetic material into cells.
- First gene therapy performed in 1990 on a four-year-old girl with SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) caused by defective adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene.
- Three main approaches: (i) Gene replacement/addition, (ii) Gene inhibition, (iii) Gene repair/gene editing.
4.4 Recombinant Vaccines
- Vaccine: preparation of killed/weakened pathogen or their components given to elicit an immune response.
- Term 'vaccine' coined by Edward Jenner (Latin: vacca = cow); he used cow pox virus to protect against smallpox.
- Term 'vaccination' coined by Louis Pasteur in 1881.
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Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
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