Thermodynamics

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Equation of state (ideal gas): PV = nRT Meaning: P = pressure, V = volume, n = number of moles, R = gas constant, T = temperature. This relation connects the state variables of a perfect gas.

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A system is a fixed amount of matter enclosed within a surface and studied thermodynamically.

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Surroundings are everything outside the system under consideration. They may have a direct effect on the performance of the system.

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An isolated system cannot exchange matter or energy with any other body or system. For an isolated system, Q = 0, W = 0, and ΔU = 0.

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This fundamental law states that if two bodies A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third body C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law gives rise to the co…

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R.H. Fowler formulated this law long after the first and second laws of thermodynamics were stated, so it was numbered as Zeroth law.

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Heat is energy transferred due to temperature difference. When two bodies are in contact and one is hotter, heat flows from the hotter body to the colder body until both reach the same temperature.

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Mechanical equivalent of heat / kilocalorie-joule relation: 1 kilocalorie = 4.18 × 10^3 joule; 1 calorie = 4.18 joule; W = JQ, where J = 4.18 J/cal or 4.18×10^3 J/kcal. It is a conversion factor, not …