Flow of Liquids

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An ideal liquid has two properties: 1) Zero compressibility, so it is incompressible. 2) Zero viscosity, so it is non-viscous. Real liquids only approximately satisfy these properties.

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Pressing water by one atmospheric pressure changes its volume only by a fraction of 0.000048. This change is very small, so water is treated as nearly incompressible in many problems.

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When a liquid flows such that each particle passing a certain point follows the same path as the preceding particles which passed the same point, the flow is called stream-lined flow or laminar flow.

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Two streamlines cannot intersect because the tangent at a point gives the direction of velocity at that point. If two streamlines crossed, there would be two velocity directions at the same point, whi…

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In turbulent flow, the particles of the liquid follow independent paths and intermingling of two or more layers takes place. The velocity at a point is time-dependent and the velocity gradient is not …

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Formula: v_c = kη/ρD. Here, v_c = critical velocity, k = Reynold's number, η = coefficient of viscosity, ρ = density of liquid, and D = diameter of the tube. Critical velocity is the maximum velocity …

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Given: k = 1800. Rule: When k ≤ 2000, the flow is streamlined or laminar or steady. Answer: The flow is streamlined (laminar/steady).

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Given: k = 2500. Rule: When 2000 < k < 3000, the flow is unstable. Answer: The flow is unstable.