Nuclear Structure

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The nucleus is the tiny central part of the atom where almost all the mass and positive charge are concentrated. Its diameter is of the order of 10^-15 m, while the atom size is of the order of 10^-10…

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Three main reasons reject it: 1) An electron confined to nuclear size should have energy of about 100 MeV, but beta particle energies are only 2-3 MeV. 2) The magnetic moment of the nucleus is about o…

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A neutron has no charge, so it is not deflected by the positive nucleus and can enter the nucleus easily. A slow or thermal neutron with energy less than 0.03 eV is more efficient because it spends mo…

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A proton contains two up quarks and one down quark. A neutron contains two down quarks and one up quark. The charge on an up quark is +2/3 e and on a down quark is -1/3 e.

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Given: A = 23, Z = 11 Formula: N = A - Z Step 1: N = 23 - 11 Step 2: N = 12 Answer: The nucleus has 12 neutrons.

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Given: Z = 3, A = 7 Formula: N = A - Z Step 1: Number of protons = Z = 3 Step 2: Number of neutrons = 7 - 3 = 4 Answer: The nucleus contains 3 protons and 4 neutrons.

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Given: A = 197, R0 = 1.2 x 10^-15 m Formula: R = R0 A^(1/3) Step 1: 197^(1/3) is about 5.82 Step 2: R = (1.2 x 10^-15 m) x 5.82 Step 3: R ≈ 6.98 x 10^-15 m Answer: The nuclear radius is about 7.0 x 10…

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Nuclear radius: R = R0 A^(1/3) Here, R0 is about 1.2 x 10^-15 m and A is the mass number. This shows that nuclear size increases slowly with mass number.