Hydrocarbons — Syllabus
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Chemistry
What Hydrocarbons covers in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Chemistry: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session.
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Topics in Hydrocarbons
Alkanes (Paraffins)
- Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds only.
- General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.
- Prepared by reduction of haloalkanes, Wurtz reaction, hydrogenation of alkenes/alkynes, and from carboxylic acids.
Alkenes (Olefins)
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one C=C double bond.
- General formula: CₙH₂ₙ.
- Prepared from haloalkanes (dehydrohalogenation) and alcohols (dehydration).
Alkynes
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one C≡C triple bond.
- General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₋₂.
- Ethyne (acetylene) is prepared from calcium carbide and water.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Benzene (C₆H₆) is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon.
- Despite unsaturation, benzene undergoes substitution rather than addition due to resonance stability.
- Kekulé proposed two resonating structures; actual structure is resonance hybrid.
Key Concepts
Central concept: Hydrocarbons
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Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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