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Nomenclature and General Principles

Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Chemistry

Complete topic list for Nomenclature and General Principles in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Chemistry. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.

53 questions35 flashcards4 concepts

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4 Topics · Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Chemistry

Topics in Nomenclature and General Principles

1

Classification of Hydrocarbons

  • Organic compounds are classified based on carbon chain structure: open-chain (aliphatic) and closed-chain (cyclic).
  • Aliphatic compounds can be saturated (alkanes) or unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes).
  • Cyclic compounds are further divided into homocyclic (carbocyclic) and heterocyclic.
2

IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

  • IUPAC names consist of prefix + word root + suffix.
  • Word root indicates number of carbon atoms (e.g., Meth-, Eth-, Prop-).
  • Suffix indicates saturation: -ane (alkane), -ene (alkene), -yne (alkyne).
3

Types of Reactions and Bond Fission

  • Organic reactions involve breaking and forming of covalent bonds.
  • Two types of bond fission: homolytic (equal electron sharing, forms free radicals) and heterolytic (unequal sharing, forms ions).
  • Heterolytic fission produces carbocations (positively charged carbon) and carbanions (negatively charged carbon).
4

Electronic Effects in Covalent Bonds

  • Inductive effect: permanent polarization due to electronegativity difference; decreases with distance.
  • Groups with –I effect withdraw electrons (e.g., –NO₂, –CN, –F); +I effect releases electrons (e.g., alkyl groups).
  • Electromeric effect: temporary complete transfer of π-electrons during reaction; occurs in multiple bonds.

Key Concepts

Central concept: Organic Chemistry Fundamentals

Classification of HydrocarbonsIUPAC NomenclatureFunctional GroupsTypes of ReactionsBond FissionElectronic EffectsIsomerismPurification Methods

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Nomenclature and General Principles for Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Chemistry?
Nomenclature and General Principles covers several key topics that are frequently asked in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 board exams. Focus on the core concepts listed on this page and practise related questions to build confidence.
How to score full marks in Nomenclature and General Principles — Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Chemistry?
Understand the core concepts first, then work through the 53 practice questions available for this chapter. Revise formulas and definitions regularly, and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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